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Cognitive strategy use to enhance motor skill acquisition post-stroke: a critical review.
The objective of this critical review was to examine the literature regarding the use of cognitive strategies to acquire motor skills in people who have had a stroke, to determine which strategies are in use and to compile evidence of their effectiveness. SEARCH TERMS: A computerized search of a range of databases was conducted using the following search terms: stroke, cerebrovascular accident; combined with strategy training, learning strateg*, cognitive strateg*, metacognitive strateg*, goal setting, goal planning, goal attainment, goal direct*, goal orient*, self talk, imagery, mental practice, self evaluat*, ready*, attentional focus*, problem solv*, goal management; combined with motor, mobility, activit*, skill, task, function, ADL. RESULTS: Twenty-six articles were reviewed. Seven studies investigated general cognitive strategies and 19 investigated task-specific strategies. The most commonly studied task-specific strategy was motor imagery. Findings suggest that general strategy training improves performance in both trained and untrained activities compared to traditional therapy; and that a specific motor imagery protocol can improve mobility and recovery in the affected upper extremity in people living with the chronic effects of stroke. CONCLUSION: This foundational evidence supports the further development of novel cognitive strategy-based interventions with the intention of improving long-term stroke outcomes.
Brain Inj. 2009 Apr;23(4):263-77. McEwen SE, Huijbregts MP, Ryan JD, Polatajko HJ. Graduate Department of Rehabilitation Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. sara.mcewen@utoronto.ca
Depending on which narcotic is involved, a person can quickly become addicted to a drug. Some such as marijuana and prescription pain killers may take longer to create a bonifide addiction. However, others such as meth amphetamines and cocaine can easily create an addiction from the very first use.
There are two factors involved in a drug addiction. The first comes from the strength of the addictive drug as mentioned previously. The second comes from the repetitive use of the drug. The more that the behavior is repeated; the quicker it becomes a habit. Of course, that is true for just...
Cyber bullying seems to be an invention of the Internet era. This form of cowardly bullying involves someone – who is frequently anonymous – communicating through e-mail or social media sites in a very threatening manner. Like bullying that involves the bully being present in person, one cyber bully is almost always joined by others who join in on the frenzy.
As I have written frequently, all bullying is a manifestation of instinctual dominance play in which one or more person’s seek to prey on those who are deemed to be helpless. While this is normally a matter of brawn, in more...
Even though during my military career I learned to jump out of perfectly good airplanes, I never quite got rid of a debilitating fear of heights until I started studying Neuro-Linguistic Programming and hypnotherapy. Despite the fact that I never refused a task involving heights, my military trainers noticed that I would have to use sheer willpower. During my NLP training, Clinton Clay, LCSW, a Huntsville, Alabama, master practitioner trainer, used a brief hypnosis technique. Now not only can I stand on ladders and look over the edge of high buildings, I also found that I could pursue my...